psychoanalysis is a set of theories created by sigmund freud and working on concepts created by josef breur.
the basic tenets are
1. a persons devolpment is detirmended by often forgotten childhod events rather than just inherited traits
2. human attitudes are influenced by irrational drives that are rooted in the unconsicous
3. people must bypass psychological resistance to bring awarness
4. conflicts between the consciuos and the unconscious throught repressed meterial can materialixe in the form of mental disturbances
5. liberating the elements of the unconsious is achieved through bring materials to the conscious mind.
theories
TOPOGRAPHIC THEORY mental apparatus can be divided into the conscious, preconscious and the unconsciuos. these systems are mental processes (replaced by structural theory)
the ego devolps gradually and works on mediating between the urges of the id and the realiosties of hte external world it works on the reality principle
the super ego is the part responcible for self observation
EGO PSYCHOLOGY is the idea that conflicts arrise from the egos function to try to repress and control our natural unconscouis impulses. it creates repression, it shows that mental impulses are basic needs. also the ego creates the idea of bizarre symbolic fantasy where pleasure is found in things which dont fit with the concousiness.
MODERN CONFLICT THEORY centres around hoe emotional; symptoms are character traitrs are complexs solutions to mental conflict, it gets rid of the idea of fixed id, ego and superego and shows conscious and unconcouis conflixt among wishes (dependent, controlling, sexual, and aggressive), guilt and shame, emotions (especially anxiety and depressive affect), and defensive operations that shut off from consciousness some aspect of the others. Moreover, healthy functioning (adaptive) is also determined, to a great extent, by resolutions of conflict.
OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY explains how variations in relationships happen throught study og how internal representations of the self and others are organized. it aims to expain disturbances in an individual's capacity to feel warmth, empathy, trust, sense of security, identity stability, consistent emotional closeness, and stability in relationships with significant others. it also explains how internalization of self and other create distubances of outwards behavouir. this is explained in frueds mourning and melancholia argueing that unresolved gried was caused by an internalixzed image of the deceased becoming fused with that of the surviror and this causing anger towards the deceased onto the now complex self image.
SELF PSYCHOLOGY emphasizes the development of a stable and integrated sense of self through empathic contacts with other humans, primary significant others conceived of as "selfobjects". Selfobjects meet the developing self's needs for mirroring, idealization, and twinship, and thereby strengthen the developing self.
JACQUES LACAN PSYCHOANAYSIS ideas of the mirror stage(The mirror stage is based on the belief that infants recognize themselves in a mirror (literal) or other symbolic contraption which induces apperception (the turning of oneself into an object that can be viewed by the child from outside themselves) from the age of about six months.) the real ( refers to that which is authentic, the unchangeable truth in reference both to being/the Self and the external dimension of experience, also referred to as the infinite and absolute—as opposed to a reality based on sense perception and the material order.) the imagnary(marks the movement of the subject from primal need to what Lacan terms "demand." As the connection to the mirror stage suggests, the "imaginary" is primarily narcissistic even though it sets the stage for the fantasies of desire,Once a child begins to recognize that its body is separate from the world and its mother, it begins to feel anxiety, which is caused by a sense of something lost. The demand of the child, then, is to make the other a part of itself, as it seemed to be in the child's now lost state of nature (the neo-natal months) and the symbolic (the symbolic is about language and narrative. Once a child enters into language and accepts the rules and dictates of society, it is able to deal with others. The acceptance of language's rules is aligned with the Oedipus complex, according to Lacan. The symbolic is made possible because of your acceptance of the Name-of-the-Father, those laws and restrictions that control both your desire and the rules of communication)
futher reading
INTERPERSONAL PSCHOANALYSIS - ccents the nuances of interpersonal interactions, particularly how individuals protect themselves from anxiety by establishing collusive interactions with others, and the relevance of actual experiences with other persons developmentally (e.g. family and peers) as well as in the present.
FEMINIST PSCHOANALYSIS agrues male is subject and female object and the mother is the object of the infants rejection. the "woman" can either accept the phallic symbolic as an object or incarnate a lack in the symbolic dimension that informs the structure of the human subject.the gaze and sexual difference in, of and from the feminine
GAZE The viewing subject may be offered particular identifications (usually with a leading male character) from which to watch. The theory stresses the subject's longing for a completeness which the film may appear to offer through identification with an image, although Lacanian theory also indicates that identification with the image is never anything but an illusion and the subject is always split simply by virtue of coming into existence
boundless frued page
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT - freud believed that the natures of the conflicts between id, ego and superego changed over time as a person grows. they go through 5 stages each with a diffrent focus #: oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. each focused on a diffrent physical center of pleasure. each stage relates to conflict between biological drives (id) and moral conscience (superego) . ability to resolve these conflicts determine ability to function as an adult. failure to resolve a stage can lead to someone becoming fixated in that stage leading to unhealthy personality traits.
MASLOWS HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
book psychoanalysis film theory and the rules of the game
the unconsousness
biology and culture
need demand and desire
the symbolic order
the real
the imaginary
desire
the two objects
fantasy
enjoyment
screen theory
gaze
what is not heard (the voice )
antagonism elided
how to use theories to analysis meaning
- apply the theories to how the film was created
- apply the theories to how the film is viewed
- changes in the viewer as film is watched
- theories applied to characters in the film
- purpose of the film
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